The 20th century witnessed significant changes in Indian women's lives. The independence movement, led by women like Sarojini Naidu and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, paved the way for women's participation in politics and social activism. The Constitution of India (1950) guaranteed equal rights and opportunities for women, including the right to education, employment, and property.
In traditional Indian society, women's roles were largely confined to the domestic sphere. They were expected to manage household chores, raise children, and maintain family harmony. The concept of "Purusha Sukta" (Rig Veda, 10.208) defined women's duties as "saving the home, taking care of children, and being loyal to their husbands." The joint family system, prevalent in India, provided support and security to women, but also imposed strict social norms and restrictions.
India, a land of diverse cultures, languages, and traditions, is home to over 1.3 billion people, with women constituting nearly half of the population. Indian women have been the backbone of the family and society, playing multiple roles as daughters, wives, mothers, and professionals. Their lifestyle and culture are deeply rooted in the country's history, philosophy, and values, which have evolved over time.
Despite progress, Indian women continue to face numerous challenges. The socio-economic status of women varies greatly across regions, with rural women often facing limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Violence against women, including domestic abuse, rape, and dowry-related harassment, remains a pressing concern. The 2011 census reported 927 females per 1,000 males, indicating a skewed sex ratio, which is a worrying trend.